Fusaka, activating on mainnet around slot 13,164,544 (≈21:49 UTC on Dec. 3, 2025), introduces PeerDAS (EIP-7594) to let validators verify rollup blob data by sampling cells rather than downloading full blobs, reducing bandwidth and storage and enabling much higher data throughput. Complementary EIPs (BPO forks EIP-7892, gas/size caps EIP-7825/EIP-7934, MODEXP repricing EIP-7823/EIP-7883, history expiry EIP-7642) raise blob capacity and block/tx limits. UX/dev upgrades (EIP-7917, EIP-7951, EIP-7939) and early BPO forks are expected to materially lower L2 data fees (est. 40–60%) and allow denser rollup throughput, advancing Ethereum’s Surge/Verge/Purge roadmap while introducing complexity and possible infrastructure centralization pressure.

Fusaka is a concrete mainnet upgrade with PeerDAS to verify blobs by sampling (reducing bandwidth/storage) plus BPO forks and higher block/gas caps; analysts estimate these changes could cut L2 data fees by ~40–60% and enable denser rollup throughput, advancing scalability, though the summary notes trade-offs in protocol complexity and potential centralization pressure.